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基督新教创始人马丁.路德对纳粹和种族主义的影响
近年来路德对犹太人的排斥越来越受人关注,这个排斥对纳粹德国的历史影响有很大的争议。
可以肯定的是路德的反感是逐渐形成的。1523年路德在他的《耶稣是一个犹太人》中强调耶稣是从神的人种中来的。他拒绝对犹太人施行暴力,他将犹太人的社会上的隔离看作是“完善”犹太人的标志,即应该版依犹太人。他希望教会改革后犹太人更容易版依为基督徒。他希望教会改革后犹太人更容易版依为基督徒。
但路德对犹太人对宗教改革的反应非常失望,此后他变成了一个犹太敌人。在他后来的文章中如《写给一个朋友反对犹太人的信》(1538年)和《犹太人和他们的谎言》(1543年)等体现出其敌对。
路德将犹太人与魔鬼置于一地,称他们为基督教最大的敌人,并引用新约中反犹太人的章节来证明他的观点。
他在《犹太人和他们的谎言》中写道:
这些犹太人是如此的绝望、邪恶、毒意和被魔鬼所占据,1400年来他们是我们的疟疾、鼠疫和所有的不幸,而且还一直是。他们是真的魔鬼。
假如我能够的话,我希望将他(犹太人)打倒在地上,在我的愤怒中用剑将他刺穿。
是的,他们将我们(基督徒)束缚在我们自己的国土中,他们让我们劳汉耕作来赚得金钱和财产,而他们自己则坐在火炉后面偷懒、睡觉、烤洋梨、吃、喝、享受,用我们劳作来的财产,用他们的高利贷将我们和我们的财产束缚在他们的链子上,然后还嘲笑我们,对我们吐痰,让我们劳作,而他们却成了懒惰的地主……他们成了我们的主人,我们成了他们的仆人。
然后他列出对待犹太人的七步计划:
第一,点燃他们的犹太教堂和学校,所有无法烧的东西都埋到地里,这样从此无人可以再看到它的一砖一瓦。我们应该这样做,奉献给我们的主和整个基督社会,让神看到,我们是基督徒。第二,同样破坏和摧毁他们的住房,因为他们在他们的住房里做与在他们的学校里同样的事。然后象吉普赛人一样将他们圈在一个大厅或畜栏里,好让他们知道在我们的国土内他们不是主人。第三,没收所有他们的书和经书,因为在这些书里他们传播偶像崇拜、谎言、诅咒和对神的诽谤。第四,禁止他们的拉比教书。第五,不向犹太人提供保护,不许他们使用街道。第六,禁止他们放高利贷,没收他们的钱币和金银。第七,给年轻和健壮的犹太人镰刀、斧头、铲子、纺织机,让他们用自己的汗水赚他们的面包。
这七条今天看上去象是在号召后来纳粹针对犹太人施行的一些措施。因此路德当时的动机非常可疑。
历史学家指出,路德的文章是写给信教统治者的,而不是写给大众的。路德强调他不想攻击犹太人,而是攻击他们的“谎言”。他想达到这些“谎言”(即犹太教)不再被传播。因此他要求统治在他们的统治地内严厉压迫和驱逐所有犹太人。但这些统治者(不像在1525年的农民战争中那样)没有听从他的呼吁。
有争议的是路德对犹太人的敌对是出自他的神学理论呢还是出于当时的群众观点。当时有许多敌对犹太人的文章。反犹太的基督徒是很普遍的。因此需要研究的问题有路德的言论与天主教传统有什么区别和它们当时有什么作用。
后来的反犹太主义者(比如阿尔弗雷德.罗森堡)常常引用路德,使用他的言论来为迫害犹太人制造理由。但他们完全忽视了路德本人承认犹太人是神的人种,直到他最后一次布道路德依然坚持版依犹太人,而不是杀犹太人。
Protestantism in Italy and Spain was relatively minor. The connection of some Protestant denominations to the German form of Fascism, Nazism, has often been deemed close. Hitler, in his manifesto, Mein Kampf, listed Martin Luther as one of Germany's great historic reformers. In Luther's 1543 book On the Jews and Their Lies, Luther advocated the burning of synagogues and schools, the deportation of Jews, and many other measures that resemble the actions later taken by the Nazis.
Protestant churches made no comment on the Nazis' growing anti-Jewish activities. Many Protestants opposed the governments of the Weimar Republic in the 1920s which they saw as coalitions between the Socialists and the Catholic Centre party. In 1932, many German Protestants joined together to form the German Christian Movement which enthusiastically supported Nazi propaganda, and sought to join Church and State. 3,000 of the 17,000 Protestant pastors in Germany were to join the movement. Hitler wished to unite a Protestant church of 28 different federations into one nationalist body. Pastor Ludwig Muller, the leader of the German Christian Movement, was soon appointed Hitler's advisor on religious affairs. He was elected Reich's Bishop in charge of the German Protestant churches in 1933.
An "Aryan Paragraph" was introduced to the constitution which stated that no one of non-Aryan background, or married to anyone of non-Aryan background, could serve as either a pastor or church official. Pastors and officials who had married a non-Aryan were to be dismissed. Much of the Lutheran and Methodist establishment in Germany had fallen behind Hitler in his promise to oppose Bolshevism and instability.
The new measures began to raise some opposition to the German Christians from a minority of Lutherans and Evangelicals who disliked state interference in church affairs. A small group of Protestant clergy under Martin Niemoeller separated from the main churches to form the Confessing Church. Neither the official, nor the Confessing church, however, openly opposed the Nazis' anti-Jewish policies. |
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