致力于宗教融合的教宗：若望·保禄二世（中英对照）

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英文摘自Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II


教宗若望·保禄二世（1920年5月18日－2005年4月2日），是罗马天主教第264任教宗、梵谛冈城元首。他于1978年10月16日被选为教宗，任职近27年。他是在位时间第二长的教宗，仅次于教宗庇护九世。他是唯一的波兰人教宗，亦是自教宗阿德里安六世的1520年代以来，首位非意大利人教宗。

Pope John Paul II  (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) served as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death almost 27 years later. His was the second-longest pontificate; only Pope Pius IX served longer. He was the only Polish Pope, and was the first non-Italian Pope since Dutch Pope Adrian VI in the 1520s.


若望·保禄二世，被誉为二十世纪最具影响力的领袖之一。他为终结波兰、中欧、南欧、东欧的共产主义政权发挥了重要作用，且大大改善了天主教与犹太教、东正教、英国国教的关系。

John Paul II has been widely acclaimed as one of the most influential leaders of the twentieth century. It is widely agreed that he was instrumental in ending communism in his native Poland and eventually all of Central Europe, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe, as well as significantly improving the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion.

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与其他宗教及派别的关系。

Relations with other religions and denominations


教宗若望·保禄二世频繁出行，与各种不同信仰的信众接触。他一直试图寻找不同信仰在教理上的共通点。在1986年10月27日的世界和平祈祷日，许多不同宗教的代表，及基督系各教派代表，共120多人，一齐进行了为期一日的斋戒和祈祷。

Pope John Paul II travelled extensively and came into contact with believers from many divergent faiths. He constantly attempted to find common ground, both doctrinal and dogmatic. At the World Day of Prayer for Peace, held in Assisi on 27 October 1986, more than 120 representatives of different religions and Christian denominations spent a day together with fasting and praying.


英国国教

Anglicanism


前任教宗保罗六世称英格兰教会为“我们挚爱的姊妹教会”， 而若望·保禄二世亦与英格兰教会有着良好关系。他访问英国期间曾在坎特伯雷大教堂讲道，并接受了作为友好表示的「坎特伯雷大主教」称号。

Pope John Paul II had good relations with the Church of England, referred to by his predecessor Pope Paul VI, as "our beloved Sister Church". He preached in Canterbury Cathedral during his visit to Great Britain, and received the Archbishop of Canterbury with friendship and courtesy.


1980年，若望·保禄二世颁布了一个特许令，允许已婚的前英国国教牧师成为天主教牧师，并将前英国国教的教区纳入天主教会。他还允许创立英国国教形式的拉丁祭仪，这种祭仪里融合了英国国教的祈祷文。

In 1980 John Paul II issued a Pastoral Provision allowing married former Episcopal priests to become Catholic priests, and for the acceptance of former Episcopal Church parishes into the Catholic Church. He also allowed the creation of the Anglican Use form of the Latin Rite, which incorporates the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. John Paul II's historic ecumenical effort with the Anglican Communion was realised with the establishment of Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church (Anglican Use), in cooperation with Archbishop Patrick Flores of San Antonio, TX in the United States.


路德宗

Lutheranism


1999年10月31日（宗教改革周年纪念日），作为融合的标志，梵谛冈与路德世界联盟的代表签署了《辩护教理之联合声明》。

On 31 October 1999 (the anniversary of Reformation Day, the posting of the 95 Theses), representatives of the Vatican and the Lutheran World Federation signed a Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, as a gesture of unity.


犹太教

Judaism


若望·保禄二世任职期间，天主教与犹太教的关系大为改善。他经常谈及教会与犹太教徒的关系。

Relations between Catholicism and Judaism improved during the pontificate of John Paul II. He spoke frequently about the Church's relationship with Jews.


在孩提时代，Karol Wojtyla（若望·保禄二世的俗家名）曾与犹太人邻居玩耍。1979年，他访问了波兰境内的纳粹奥斯威辛集中营，成为首位访问此地的教宗。（德国纳粹占领期间，他的许多同乡，其中大部分是波兰犹太人，死于此处）1998年，他发表了《我们记得：对大屠杀的反省》，其中叙述了他对大屠杀的看法。他于1986年4月13日访问罗马犹太大教堂后，又成了首位正式访问犹太大教堂的教宗。

As a child, Karol Wojtyla had played sports with his many Jewish neighbours. In 1979 he became the first Pope to visit the Nazi Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, where many of his countrymen (mostly Polish Jews) had perished during the German Nazi occupation. In 1998 he issued "We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah" which outlined his thinking on the Holocaust. He also became the first pope known to have made an official papal visit to a synagogue, when he visited the Great Synagogue of Rome on 13 April 1986.


1994年，若望·保禄二世领导下的教廷与以色列国正式建交，并认可其以犹太习俗和犹太信仰为中心。为荣耀此事，若望·保禄二世举办了「教廷悼念大屠杀音乐会」。此音乐会由美国音乐家 Gilbert Levine 构思和导演。罗马首席大法师、意大利总理、世界各地的大屠杀幸存者，出席了此音乐会。

In 1994, John Paul II established formal diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the State of Israel, acknowledging its centrality in Jewish life and faith. In honour of this event, Pope John Paul II hosted ‘The Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust’. This concert, which was conceived and conducted by American Maestro Gilbert Levine, was attended by the Chief Rabbi of Rome, the President of Italy, and survivors of the Holocaust from around the world.


2000年3月，若望·保禄二世到以色列访问了 Yad Vashem （以色列国立大屠杀纪念碑），稍后更作出了开创历史的举动：他触摸了犹太教最神圣的地方之一 --- 耶路撒冷的西墙，并将一封信放入其中（信中他为过往人们反犹太的行为祈求宽恕）。他在讲话中说：“我向犹太民众保证，对于任何时候、任何地方的基督徒针对犹太人的仇视和迫害，天主教会都深感哀痛。” 他又说：“没有词汇足以哀悼大屠杀这一可怕悲剧。”主持接待教宗的以色列内阁大臣 Michael Melchior 法师说，他被教宗的态度 “深深打动了”。

“它超越历史、超越记忆。”
—— Michael Melchior大师（2000年3月26日）

“在历史进程中，一些人曾使你们的子民遭受苦难。我们对此深感哀痛，并请求你们的宽恕。为了与盟约之民 （指犹太人）的诚挚兄弟情谊，我们愿意奉献自己。”
—— 若望·保禄二世（2000年3月12日）。摘自教宗留在耶路撒冷西墙的笔记。

In March 2000, John Paul II visited Yad Vashem, (the Israeli national Holocaust memorial) in Israel and later made history by touching one of the holiest sites in Judaism, the Western Wall in Jerusalem, placing a letter inside it (in which he prayed for forgiveness for the actions against Jews in the past). In part of his address he said: “I assure the Jewish people the Catholic Church ... is deeply saddened by the hatred, acts of persecution and displays of anti-Semitism directed against the Jews by Christians at any time and in any place”, he added that there were “no words strong enough to deplore the terrible tragedy of the Holocaust”. Israeli cabinet minister Rabbi Michael Melchior, who hosted the Pope's visit, said he was “very moved” by the Pope's gesture.

"It was beyond history, beyond memory"
— Rabbi Michael Melchior (26 March 2000)

"We are deeply saddened by the behaviour of those who in the course of history have caused these children of yours to suffer, and asking your forgiveness we wish to commit ourselves to genuine brotherhood with the people of the Covenant."
—Pope John Paul II (12 March 2000) from a note left by the Pope at the Western Wall in Jerusalem


2003年10月，「反诽谤同盟」（ADL）向若望·保禄二世道贺，祝贺他进入第25个任职之年。2005年1月，当犹太法师 Benjamin Blech、Barry Dov Schwartz、Jack Bemporad 在使徒宫殿的 Clementine 大堂会见这位教宗时，若望·保禄二世又成了史上第一位受到犹太法师祝福的教宗。

In October 2003 the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a statement congratulating John Paul II on entering the 25th year of his papacy. In January 2005, John Paul II became the first Pope in history known to receive a priestly blessing from a rabbi, when Rabbis Benjamin Blech, Barry Dov Schwartz, and Jack Bemporad visited the Pontiff at Clementine Hall in the Apostolic Palace.


这位教宗逝世后，ADL 立即发表声明，称教宗若望·保禄二世革新了天主教与犹太教的关系，并说 “他任职27年间所促成的良好转变，比过往2000年都多。” 澳洲的以色列与犹太事务议会主任，Colin Rubenstei 博士亦发表声明道：“为了自由与人道主义，这位教宗成为了具启发性的精神领袖，并将因此而被铭记。在改善与犹太人及以色列的关系这件事上，他的成就远超天主教会历史上的所有人物。”

Immediately after the pope's death, the ADL issued a statement that Pope John Paul II had revolutionised Catholic-Jewish relations, saying that “more change for the better took place in his 27 year Papacy than in the nearly 2,000 years before.” In another statement issued by the Australia, Israel & Jewish Affairs Council, Director Dr Colin Rubenstei said,“The Pope will be remembered for his inspiring spiritual leadership in the cause of freedom and humanity. He achieved far more in terms of transforming relations with both the Jewish people and the State of Israel than any other figure in the history of the Catholic Church”


“我们与犹太教的关联，是我们与其他宗教之间所没有的。你们是我们亲近而挚爱的兄弟，而且在某种意义上，可以说你们是我们的兄长。”
—— 若望·保禄二世（1986年4月13日）

"With Judaism, therefore, we have a relationship which we do not have with any other religion. You are our dearly beloved brothers, and in a certain way, it could be said that you are our elder brothers."
—— Pope John Paul II (13 April 1986)


东正教

Eastern Orthodox Church


1999年5月，若望·保禄二世应罗马尼亚东正教会大主教 Teoctist Arapasu 之邀，访问了罗马尼亚。自1054年大分裂以来，这是首次有教宗访问东正教主导的国家。他到访时，大主教和罗马尼亚总统 Emil Constantinescu 向他表示欢迎。大主教说：“在基督历史第二个千年的开端，教会共同体的身上出现了一个痛苦的伤痕；而在这个千年的末期，基督共同体才真正开始恢复。”

In May 1999, John Paul II visited Romania on the invitation from Patriarch Teoctist Arapasu of the Romanian Orthodox Church. This was the first time a pope had visited a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the Great Schism in 1054. On his arrival, the Patriarch and the President of Romania, Emil Constantinescu, greeted the Pope. The Patriarch stated, “The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity.”


应乌克兰总统、乌克兰希腊天主教会众主教、乌克兰的罗马天主教会之邀，若望·保禄二世于2001年6月23-27日访问了乌克兰这一东正教兴盛之地。这位教宗向全乌克兰教会及宗教组织议会致辞，恳求 “开放、包容、坦诚的对话。” 约二十万人出席了这位教宗在 Kiev 举办的礼拜仪式，而在 Lviv 的礼拜仪式更聚集了近一百五十万信众。若望·保禄二世说，结束宗派分裂，是他最大的心愿之一。多年来，若望·保禄二世一直积极促进对话与融合。早在1988年，他就在《Euntes in mundum》中说：“欧洲有两个肺，但难以轻松呼吸，除非它同时使用这两个肺。”

John Paul II visited another heavily Orthodox area, Ukraine on 23-27 June 2001 at the invitation of the President of Ukraine and bishops of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine. The Pope spoke to leaders of the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organisations, pleading for "open, tolerant and honest dialogue". About 200 thousand people attended the liturgies celebrated by the Pope in Kiev, and the liturgy in Lviv gathered nearly one and a half million faithful. John Paul II stated that an end to the Great Schism was one of his fondest wishes. For a number of years John Paul II actively sought to facilitate dialogue and unity stating as early as 1988 in Euntes in mundum that "Europe has two lungs, it will never breathe easily until it uses both of them".


在2001年的出访期间，若望·保禄二世成为1291年来首位到访希腊的教宗。在希腊，这位教宗会见了希腊正教的首领，大主教 Christodoulos。在30分钟私人会晤后，二人公开发言。Christodoulos 宣读了自大分裂以来，罗马天主教会对东正教会的 “13项冒犯”，包括1204年十字军在君士坦丁堡的抢掠，并对罗马天主教会从未道歉表示遗憾。他说：“直至现在，我们尚未听见一句为13世纪狂暴的十字军请求宽恕的话。”

During his 2001 travels, John Paul II became the first Pope to visit Greece in 1291 years. In Athens the Pope met with Archbishop Christodoulos, the head of the Greek Orthodox Church. After a private 30 minute meeting, the two spoke publicly. Christodoulos read a list of "13 offences" of the Roman Catholic Church against the Eastern Orthodox Church since the Great Schism, including the pillaging of Constantinople by crusaders in 1204, and bemoaned the lack of any apology from the Roman Catholic Church, saying “Until now, there has not been heard a single request for pardon” for the “maniacal crusaders of the 13th century.”


教宗回应道：“以前和现在，天主教的儿女，因针对东正教兄弟姊妹的行为，以及对他们的无视而犯罪。愿主饶恕我们。” Christodoulos 随即表示赞赏。若望·保禄二世又说，对君士坦丁堡的洗劫，是天主教徒的“深切悔恨”之源。稍后，在圣保罗曾向雅典基督徒宣道之处，若望·保禄再与 Christodoulos 会晤。他们发表了 “共同声明”，称 “我们应尽力使欧洲的基督根基和基督灵魂得以保存......以宗教的名义，我们谴责一切暴力的、强求别人改变信仰的、狂热偏执的诉求。” 然后，两位领袖一齐念诵主禱文，打破了东正教不能与天主教徒一起祈祷的禁忌。

The Pope responded by saying “For the occasions past and present, when sons and daughters of the Catholic Church have sinned by action or omission against their Orthodox brothers and sisters, may the Lord grant us forgiveness,” to which Christodoulos immediately applauded. John Paul II also said that the sacking of Constantinople was a source of “profound regret” for Catholics. Later John Paul and Christodoulos met on a spot where Saint Paul had once preached to Athenian Christians. They issued a ‘common declaration’, saying “We shall do everything in our power, so that the Christian roots of Europe and its Christian soul may be preserved. … We condemn all recourse to violence, proselytism and fanaticism, in the name of religion” The two leaders then said the Lord's Prayer together, breaking an Orthodox taboo against praying with Catholics.


教宗还说，他任职期间一直有个最大的梦想，就是访问俄国，可惜未能实现。对于多个世纪以来，天主教会与俄国东正教会之间产生的问题，他多次尝试解决之。例如，他于2004年8月归还了「圣母与耶稣」画像.

The Pope had also said throughout his pontificate that one of his greatest dreams was to visit Russia, but this never occurred. He had made several attempts to solve the problems which arose over a period of centuries between the Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches, such as giving back the icon of Our Lady of Kazan in August 2004.



佛教

Buddhism


藏传佛教精神领袖，十四世達賴喇嘛丹增嘉措，访问若望·保禄二世多达八次，超过其他任何一位主教。教宗与達賴喇嘛经常有相似的观点、理解彼此的境况，因为两者都来自深受共产主义影响的国家，又都是主要宗教的首领。

Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama and the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, visited Pope John Paul II eight times, more than any other single dignitary. The Pope and the Dalai Lama often shared similar views and understood similar plights, both coming from peoples affected by communism and both being heads of major religious bodies.



伊斯兰教

Islam


2001年5月6日，教宗若望·保禄二世成为首位进入伊斯兰清真寺、并在里面祈祷的天主教教宗。他恭敬地脱掉鞋，进入了位于叙利亚的大马士革的倭马亚大清真寺（以前是拜占庭属地的基督教堂，专奉圣若翰洗者 -- 据说他被葬于此地），并发表讲话，其中说到 “鉴于回教徒与基督徒之间互相冒犯的历史，我们需要请求神的宽恕，并互相宽恕。” 在叙利亚，他亲吻了《古兰经》。此举令他在回教徒中大受欢迎，又令他在传统天主教徒中更不受欢迎。

On 6 May 2001, Pope John Paul II became the first Catholic pope to enter and pray in an Islamic mosque. Respectfully removing his shoes, he entered the Umayyad Mosque, a former Byzantine era Christian church dedicated to John the Baptist (who is believed to be interred there) in Damascus, Syria, and gave a speech including the statement: "For all the times that Muslims and Christians have offended one another, we need to seek forgiveness from the Almighty and to offer each other forgiveness." He kissed the Qur’an in Syria, an act which made him popular amongst Muslims and more unpopular amongst traditionalist Catholics.


2004年，教宗若望·保禄二世在梵谛冈举办了 “以调和为主题的教宗音乐会”，与会者有伊斯兰教、犹太教、天主教的众领袖，演出者有来自波兰的 Krakow 交响乐唱诗班、来自英国的伦敦交响乐唱诗班、来自美国的匹兹堡交响乐队、来自土耳其的安卡拉音乐唱诗班。此音乐会由 Sir Gilbert Levine, KCSG 构思和指挥，并向全世界广播。

In 2004, Pope John Paul II hosted the "Papal Concert of Reconciliation," which brought together leaders of Islam with leaders of the Jewish community and of the Catholic Church at the Vatican for a concert by the Kraków Philharmonic Choir from Poland, the London Philharmonic Choir from the United Kingdom, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra from the United States, and the Ankara State Polyphonic Choir of Turkey. The event was conceived and conducted by Sir Gilbert Levine, KCSG and was broadcast throughout the world.


若望·保禄二世监督了《天主教义理问答》的出版，书中有专为穆斯林准备的内容：“拯救的计划里也包含那些认可造物主的人 -- 穆斯林。这表示，我们都奉持亚伯拉罕信仰。他们与我们一起，爱着唯一而仁慈的神、末日的审判者。”

John Paul II oversaw the publication of the Catechism of the Catholic Church which makes a special provision for Muslims; therein, it is written, "The plan of salvation also includes those who acknowledge the Creator, in the first place amongst whom are the Muslims; these profess to hold the faith of Abraham, and together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day."



道歉

Apologies


若望·保禄二世曾诚挚而动情地多次道歉。在他长久的任职期内，他道歉的对象有犹太人、伽利略、妇女、異端裁判所的受害者、被十字军屠杀的穆斯林、以及几乎所有曾遭天主教会迫害的人。在成为教宗之前，他就是一位卓越的编辑，支持一些创举 -- 比如1965年的《调和波兰主教与德国主教的信》。作为教宗，他正式、公开地为超过100件错事道歉。

John Paul II was sincere and passionate with his many apologies. During his long reign as Pope, he said ‘sorry’ to Jews, Galileo, women, victims of the Inquisition, Muslims slaughtered by the Crusaders, and almost everyone who had suffered at the hands of the Catholic Church through the years.[7][99] Even before he became the Pope, he was a prominent editor and supporter of initiatives like the Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops from 1965. As Pope, he officially made public apologies for over 100 of these wrongdoings


“籍口比谎言更坏、更可怕，因为籍口是被守护的谎言。”
—— 若望·保禄二世

"An excuse is worse and more terrible than a lie, for an excuse is a lie guarded."
—Pope John Paul II